Materials Testing by S. Tabon References Aggregate Industries. (2016). Fragmentation testing of aggregates (Los Angeles test). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZ4am1vjtrs Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand.(2013).Testing hardened concrete: Cylinder strength test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_S-JnRMers8 FDOT Training. (2016). AASHTO T2 aggregate sampling. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDtyrMicoQc Gilson Company Inc. (2016). Reducing bulk samples to testing size by quartering. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0DXUx99UhI https://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/manuals/mat_research/pdfs/doh_2.pdf http://www.tctc.edu/Documents/CCE/CAL2%20Section%203%20LA%20rev2.pdf Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT). (2017). Aggregate moisture testing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9MBPFjuc7k MSU CIL.(2012). Concrete split tensile test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naiH-M5e70E Ovens, T. (2016). Split cylinder test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dUtqJpMRiM Samborsky, D. (2008). Compression testing of concrete. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtvm7YNsSU0 ugptindsu. (2014). Gradation/sieve analysis. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9yFtmd7Vt8 https://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/manuals/mat_research/pdfs/doh_2.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZ4am1vjtrs http://www.tctc.edu/Documents/CCE/CAL2%20Section%203%20LA%20rev2.pdf Laboratory Exercise No. 1 Reducing Size of Aggregate Sample Objective To reduce a large size of aggregate sample for testing Equipment and Material Trowel or shovel Container Aggregates Procedure 1. Mix the aggregates by turning over three times. 2. Form the mixture into conical pile by depositing each shovel full of aggregates on top of the preceding. 3. Flatten the pile carefully by pressing the top of pile using the shovel. 4. Divide the flattened aggregates into equal quarters using the shovel. 5. Remove the two opposite quarters. 6. Use the broom to clear clean the space where the two quarters were removed. 7. Repeat the procedure until the desired size of aggregate is obtained. Laboratory Exercise No. 2 Mechanical Sieve Analysis Objective to determine the particle size distribution of the aggregates Equipment and Material Stack of Sieves Weighing Machine Mechanical Sieve Shaker Pan Aggregate sample Procedure 1. Sift the weighed aggregate sample through the stack of sieves arranged in a manner so that the sieve with largest hole is on top of the one with smaller hole. 2. After shaking the set of sieves for five minutes, weigh and record the materials that are retained on each of the sieves. 3. Plot upon a diagram the percentage weight which passed by each sieve. (This is notice of editing made dated November 15, 2017.See Elem Surv Facebook for original version dated before editing ) Laboratory Exercise No. 3 Aggregates Degradation Test Objectives
Aggregate Sample Los Angeles Abrasion Machine Weighing Machine Oven Steel Spheres No. 12 sieve Procedure
= 100 [( original weight – retained weight )/original weight] Laboratory Exercise No. 4 Determination of Moisture Content of Aggregates Overview It is desired to know the water content of aggregates sample consisting of not less than 100 g of particles not larger than 4.75 mm, not less than 500 g of particles not larger than 19mm, and not less than 1000 g of particles not larger than 50 mm. Objectives To determine the percentage of water in the sample aggregates Material and Equipment Drying equipment Weighing Machine Wet aggregates sample Procedure
Moisture Content = 100 ( initial weight - oven dry weight)/oven dry weight (This is notice of editing made dated November 21, 2017.See Elem Surv Facebook for original version dated before editing ) Laboratory Exercise No. 5 Coarse Aggregates Specific Gravity and Absorption Determination Objectives 1. To calculate the bulk specific gravity of coarse aggregates 2. To determine the apparent specific gravity of coarse aggregates 3. To find the (%) absorption of coarse aggregates Material and Equipment Aggregates sample of test size Water No. 4 sieve Weighing scale Wire mesh basket Water tank Oven Absorbent cloth Procedure 1. Dry sieve aggregates sample using no. 4 sieve. 2. Take the aggregate materials retained on the no. 4 sieve. 3. Wash the aggregates. 4. Dry to constant mass. 5. Soak the aggregates in room temperature water for 24 hours. 6. Roll the aggregates on absorbent cloth. 7. Record the weight of the aggregates in saturated surface dry (SSD) condition. 8. Submerge the aggregates inside the wire basket under water. 9. Record the mass of the aggregates while in the water. 10. Dry the aggregates to constant weight at 110 degrees centigrade. 11. Cool the aggregates. 12. Obtain and record the oven dry (OD) weight. 13. Compute the bulk specific gravity using the formula below. Bulk specific gravity = (OD weight)/ (SSD weight- submerged weight) 14. Determine the apparent specific gravity using the formula below. Apparent specific gravity = (OD weight)/(OD weight – submerged weight) 15. Determine the percent absorption using the expression below. (%) Absorption = 100(SSD weight – OD weight)/OD weight References http://www.pavementinteractive.org/... Masen, E. (2017). Specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregates. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Muo8ISqRxUU Marotta T. & C. Herubin. (1997). Basic Construction Materials (5th Ed). Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey. Laboratory Exercise No. 6 Coarse aggregates Bulk Density Determination Objective To find the bulk unit weight of coarse aggregates Material and Equipment Weighing Device Dry coarse aggregates Tamping rod Cylindrical measure Procedure 1. Weigh the empty cylindrical measure. 2. Record the weight of the measure. 3. Fill with aggregates the cylindrical measure to the level of 1/3 of its volume. 4. Using the rod 25 times tamp the aggregates inside the measure. 5. Fill with aggregates the cylindrical measure to the level of 2/3 of its volume. 6. Using the rod 25 times tamp the aggregates inside the measure. 7. Fill with aggregates the cylindrical measure to the level of equivalent brimming measure. 8. Using the rod 25 times tamp the aggregates inside the measure while maintaining the level of the rodded aggregates to the level of equivalent brimming measure. 9. Weigh the measure with the aggregates. 10. Record the weight of the measure filled with aggregates. 11. Compute the bulk density of the coarse aggregates using the expression below. Unit weight of the coarse aggregates = (Weight of measure with aggregates - weight of the measure)/volume of the measure Reference Nemati, K. (2015). Aggregates for concrete. http://courses.washington.edu/cm425/aggregate.pdf The effect of aggregate properties on concrete. (n.d). http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/courses/ce584/concrete/library/materials/aggregate /aggregatesmain.htm |
Laboratory Exercise No. 7 Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement Objective To observe the time of setting of hydraulic cement Material and Equipment Hydraulic cement (Portland cement), 500 g Water Mixing container Weighing machine Vicat apparatus Mould Spatula Procedure 1. Mix the cement and water at specified ratio. 2. Fill the mould with the mixture of cement and water. 3. Level the surface of the mixture inside the mould. 4. Put the mould filled with the mixture under the needle of the Vicat apparatus set to zero. 5. Release the plunger. 6. After 30 seconds, read on the scale. 7. Record the reading. 8. Level the surface of the mixture inside the mould. 9. Wait for 5 minutes. 10. Repeat step 4, step 5, step 6, and step7. References Masen, E. (2017). Time and setting of hydraulic cement paste by Gillmore needle. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBGBfBhiAI8 Testing Bluhm & Feuerherdt. (2015).Determine the cement setting time with the testing Vicat needle. apparatus. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lJxBU344k8 Laboratory Exercise No. 8 Making and Curing of Concrete Specimen Objective To make and perform curing of concrete specimen for testing Material and Equipment Cylindrical mold Beam mold Concrete Scoop Tamping rod Mallet Curing tank Water Procedure A. for making and curing cylindrical concrete specimen 1. Fill with concrete the cylindrical mold to 1/3 full. 2. Twenty five times rod the concrete inside the mold without striking the bottom of the mold. 3. Ten to fifteen times hit with the mallet the side of the mold with the first concrete layer. 4. Fill with concrete the cylindrical mold to 2/3 full. 5. Twenty five times rod the concrete inside the mold by making 2.54 centimeter penetration through the previous layer. 6. Ten to fifteen times hit with the mallet the side of the mold with the second concrete layer. 7. Fill the mold to the brim. 8. Twenty five times rod the concrete inside the mold by making 2.54 centimeter penetration through the previous layer. 9. Ten to fifteen times hit with the mallet the side of the mold with the third concrete layer. 10. Level the surface of the concrete in the mold. 11. Seal the mold, put mark on the mold, and protect while set aside until the material inside the mold attained sufficient strength when the material is not damaged when removed from the mold. 12. Perform the curing by immersion of the material in water for specified number of days before test. B. for making and curing beam specimen of concrete 1. Fill the beam mold with concrete to 1/3 full. 2. Rod with one stroke every 12.9 square centimeter of the concrete inside the mold. 3. Fill the beam mold with concrete to 2/3 full. 4. Rod with one stroke every 12.9 square centimeter of the concrete inside the mold. 5. Fill the beam mold with concrete to the brim. 6. Rod with one stroke every 12.9 square centimeter of the concrete inside the mold. 7. Level the surface of the concrete inside the mold. 8. Put identifying mark on the mold, and protect while set aside until sufficient strength is attained when the material can be removed from the mold without being damaged. 9. Perform curing by immersion of the material in water for specified number of days before test. Reference Figueroa, M. (2017). Making and curing of concrete test specimens in the field. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlBvuYsovRY Lee, J. (2015). Making and curing of concrete test specimens in the field. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=99it8pn9bqE WSDOT. (2017). Making and curing of concrete test specimens in the field. https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/publications/manuals/fulltext/M46-01/t23.pdf |
Laboratory Exercise No. 9 Compression Test For Concrete Overview It is a standard practice in the industry to examine the capacity of concrete to resist axial load. To designers, compressive strength of the concrete is a very important property. It is a measured maximum resistance to compression which is expressed as force per cross sectional area. It is often measured using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Objective To determine the compressive strength of concrete Material and Equipment Compression testing machine Concrete cylindrical specimen Procedure 1. Place the specimen in the compression testing machine. 2. Apply the load until failure. 3. Record the load at failure. 4. Compute the compressive strength of the concrete using the formula below. Compressive strength 0f the concrete specimen = (Force at failure)/ (Cross sectional area of the cylindrical specimen) Reference Compression test of concrete cylinders. (2016). www.csun.edu/.../220L/.../Compression%20Test%20of%20Concrete%20Cylinders.do... Laboratory Exercise No. 10 Splitting Tensile Strength Test of Concrete Cylinder Overview Direct tests for tensile strength are seldom made and a convenient, reliable test may be done these days to determine indirectly the tensile strength. Obtained from that test is a splitting tensile strength which is about 15 percent higher than the value resulting from direct tensile test. The test is conducted using a standard concrete cylinder which is loaded along the length of the cylinder. Objective To determine the splitting tensile strength of concrete cylinder Material and Equipment Testing machine Concrete cylindrical specimen Ruler Safety shoes Hand gloves Face mask Safety glasses Procedure 1. Place the specimen on the testing machine while securing it with fixtures. 2. Apply load (using splitting tensile stress rate) to failure. 3. Compute the splitting tensile strength using the formula below. Splitting tensile strength =2 (Force applied at failure)/[ π ( Specimen length)(Specimen diameter)] Reference FSEL.(nd). https://fsel.engr.utexas.edu/images/resources-pdfs/FSEL-Split-Cylinder-Testing-Rev-00.pdf https://www.astm.org/Standards/C496.htm Laboratory Exercise No. 11 Modulus of Rupture of Concrete Objective to determine the flexural strength of concrete specimen Material and Equipment Concrete beam specimen Testing machine Caliper Procedure 1. Identify the test parameters. 2. Measure and record the values of the attributes (width of beam, etc.) of the beam specimen. 3. Place appropriately the specimen on the machine set for the test. 4. Apply the load appropriately. 5. Record the load at failure. 6. Compute the modulus of rupture of the concrete using the formula below. R = 3 Pl /2bdd where R = modulus of rupture P = load at failure l = span length b = width of the beam d = depth of the beam Laboratory Exercise No. 12 Compressive Strength Test of CHB Objective to test the CHB on compressive strength Material and Equipment CHB specimen Caliper Weighing scale Testing machine Procedure 1. Measure (when appropriate or necessary) and record the attributes (age, defects, weight, length, width, etc.) of the CHB specimen. 2. Place the specimen appropriately on the machine. 3. Apply the load. 4. Record the load at failure. 5. Calculate the compressive strength of the CHB using the formula below. Compressive strength = Load at failure/ area of the CHB perpendicular to the direction of the applied load More Material Testing (See Laboratory Exercises No. 1- 15 in Elem Surv Notes Facebook.com) Laboratory Exercise No. 16 Marshall Stability Test Objective To determine the resistance of bituminous mixture against deformation Material and Equipment Cylindrical bituminous mixture specimen Marshall stability and flow test machine set up Procedure 1. Place the cylindrical specimen of bituminous mixture in the testing machine set up to test for stability and flow. 2. Apply the load appropriately. 3. Record the maximum load. 4. Record the flow value at maximum load. Laboratory Exercise No. 17 Penetration Test for Bitumen Overview The consistency of a cool sample of bitumen under a specific condition maybe tested by allowing the needle of the penetrometer to penetrate the sample. The length of the penetration of the standard needle of the apparatus is measured and the penetration is reported in the units of 0.1 mm. Objective To measure the consistency of bituminous material Material and Equipment Testing apparatus Standard needle Bituminous specimen Procedure 1. Put the sample under the standard needle of apparatus. 2. Allow the needle to penetrate the bituminous specimen, under known load (100 g) at fixed temperature (25 degrees centigrade) for known time (5 seconds). 3. Measure and record the penetration. Laboratory Exercise No. 18 Bitumen Extraction Test Objective To determine the amount of asphalt content of the hot mix Material and Equipment Sample of hot mix Weighing scale Centrifuge with solvent Oven Procedure 1. Obtain and weigh a hot mix sample. 2. Place the sample in a centrifuge with solvent. 3. After repeated wash cycles, remove the sample from the centrifuge. 4. Dry and reweigh the sample. 5. Compute the percentage of asphalt in the original sample using the expression below. Percentage of asphalt = 100 ( weight loss / dry weight ) Laboratory Exercise No. 19 Steel Tensile Test Objective To observe the tensile strength of steel Material and Equipment Tensile Testing Machine Scale Steel bar specimen Procedure 1. Clamp each end of the specimen (of predetermined attributes such as diameter) into the testing machine. 2. Apply the load until failure. 3. Record all observations which include the curve of stress versus strain. 4. Compute the percent reduction in the diameter of specimen. |
Websites for specified topic below Marshall stability test AsphaltIndiana. (2014). Asphalt mix design 101. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1l1RRETevxk Hutchinson, T. (2014). Marshall mix design test methods. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-Yq0uRLJNg Penetration test Winkowski, M. (2015). Btumen penetration 50/70. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEG7XDiJW18 Bending test of wood Four point bending test https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnUpjeW8BT8 Three point flexural test https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXS_-gmkFBchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXS_-gmkFBc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zijlwXjhkH0 Compression perpendicular to grain of wood https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqAFSKlALwk Compression parallel to grain of wood https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFeHYFPElvE Wood shear test https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRBkWFmCyco Flexural test for concrete Canlas, J. (2016). Flexural testing of concrete using UTM. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8f8F49l41kc Compression test on concrete hollow block CareBearsCPU, (2013).Compression of concrete hollow block. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIOSq7rwyOk ASTM testing of concrete specimen Samborsky, D. (2008). Compression testing of concrete. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtvm7YNsSU0 NZS concrete test Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand.(2013).Testing hardened concrete: Cylinder strength test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_S-JnRMers8 Split tensile test MSU CIL.(2012). Concrete split tensile test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naiH-M5e70E Ovens, T. (2016). Split cylinder test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dUtqJpMRiM FDOT Training. (2016). AASHTO T2 aggregate sampling. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDtyrMicoQc ugptindsu. (2014). Gradation/sieve analysis. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9yFtmd7Vt8 Aggregate Industries. (2016). Fragmentation testing of aggregates (Los Angeles test). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZ4am1vjtrs Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT). (2017). Aggregate moisture testing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9MBPFjuc7k Other Sites video on reducing large size of aggregates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0DXUx99UhI ******************************
Laboratory Exercise No. 13 Determination of Moisture Content of Wood Objective to determine the amount of water contained in the wood specimen Material and Equipment Wood specimen Weighing scale Oven Procedure 1. Record the attributes (weight, defects, etc. ) of the wood specimen. 2. Dry to constant weight (OD weight) the specimen. 3. Record the OD (oven dry) weight. 4. Compute the moisture content (%) of the wood using the expression below. Moisture content (%) = 100 (original weight - OD weight)/OD weight Laboratory Exercise No. 14 Strength Tests on Wood Objectives 1. to determine the strength of wood against compressive load applied parallel to the grain of the wood 2. to determine the strength of wood against compressive load applied perpendicular to the grain 3. to determine the strength of the wood to resist the shear parallel to the grain 4. to determine the strength of the wood beam to resist bending Material and Equipment Wood specimens Caliper Testing machine set ups Safety laboratory clothes and other safety items Procedure A. Test the strength of wood specimen against compression parallel to grain 1. Place the wood specimen (of predetermined attributes) in testing machine set up for compression test parallel to grain. 2. Apply the load. 3. Record the load at failure. 4. Compute the strength of wood to resist compression parallel to grain. B. Test the strength of wood specimen against compression perpendicular to the grain 1. Place the wood specimen (of predetermined attributes) in testing machine set up for compression test perpendicular to the grain. 2. Apply the load. 3. Record the load at failure. 4. Compute the strength of the specimen to resist compression perpendicular to grain. C. Test the strength of wood specimen against shear parallel to the grain 1. Place the wood specimen (of predetermined attributes) in testing machine set up for shear test parallel to the grain. 2. Apply the load. 3. Record the load at failure. 4. Compute the strength of the wood specimen to resist shear parallel to the grain. D. Test the bending strength of wood specimen 1. Place the wood specimen (of predetermined attributes) in testing machine set up for bending test. 2. Apply the load. 3. Record the load at failure. 4. Compute the flexural strength of the wood specimen. Laboratory Exercise No. 15 Marshall Stability Test Objective To determine the resistance of bituminous mixture against deformation Material and Equipment Cylindrical bituminous mixture specimen Marshall stability and flow test machine set up Procedure 1. Place the cylindrical specimen of bituminous mixture in the testing machine set up to test for stability and flow. 2. Apply the load appropriately. 3. Record the maximum load. 4. Record the flow value at maximum load. Laboratory Exercise No. 16 Penetration Test for Bitumen Overview The consistency of a cool sample of bitumen under a specific condition maybe tested by allowing the needle of the penetrometer to penetrate the sample. The length of the penetration of the standard needle of the apparatus is measured and the penetration is reported in the units of 0.1 mm. Objective To measure the consistency of bituminous material Material and Equipment Testing apparatus Standard needle Bituminous specimen Procedure 1. Put the sample under the standard needle of apparatus. 2. Allow the needle to penetrate the bituminous specimen, under known load (100 g) at fixed temperature (25 degrees centigrade) for known time (5 seconds). 3. Measure and record the penetration. Laboratory Exercise No. 17 Bitumen Extraction Test Objective To determine the amount of asphalt content of the hot mix Material and Equipment Sample of hot mix Weighing scale Centrifuge with solvent Oven Procedure 1. Obtain and weigh a hot mix sample. 2. Place the sample in a centrifuge with solvent. 3. After repeated wash cycles, remove the sample from the centrifuge. 4. Dry and reweigh the sample. 5. Compute the percentage of asphalt in the original sample using the expression below. Percentage of asphalt = 100 ( weight loss / dry weight ) Laboratory Exercise No. 18 Steel Tensile Test Objective To observe the tensile strength of steel Material and Equipment Tensile Testing Machine Scale Steel bar specimen Procedure 1. Clamp each end of the specimen (of predetermined attributes such as diameter) into the testing machine. 2. Apply the load until failure. 3. Record all observations which include the curve of stress versus strain. 4. Compute the percent reduction in the diameter of specimen. References References Aggregate Industries. (2016). Fragmentation testing of aggregates (Los Angeles test). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZ4am1vjtrs Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand.(2013).Testing hardened concrete: Cylinder strength test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_S-JnRMers8 FDOT Training. (2016). AASHTO T2 aggregate sampling. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDtyrMicoQc Gilson Company Inc. (2016). Reducing bulk samples to testing size by quartering. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0DXUx99UhI https://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/manuals/mat_research/pdfs/doh_2.pdf http://www.tctc.edu/Documents/CCE/CAL2%20Section%203%20LA%20rev2.pdf Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT). (2017). Aggregate moisture testing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9MBPFjuc7k MSU CIL.(2012). Concrete split tensile test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naiH-M5e70E Ovens, T. (2016). Split cylinder test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dUtqJpMRiM Samborsky, D. (2008). Compression testing of concrete. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtvm7YNsSU0 ugptindsu. (2014). Gradation/sieve analysis. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9yFtmd7Vt8 Other Sites video on reducing large size of aggregates |